Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall in late August 2005, forced a million people from New Orleans and the small towns on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts to move inland either within state or to neighbouring states, such as Texas and Arkansas. Although nearly all planned to return, many have not.

Unlike in previous cases, when residents typically left areas threatened by hurricanes and returned when authorities declared it was safe to do so, many of these evacuees are finding new homes. In this respect, the U.S.
hurricane season of 2005 was different. Record-high temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico surface waters helped make Hurricane Katrina the most
financially destructive hurricane ever to make landfall anywhere.

In some Mississippi Gulf Coast towns, Katrina's powerful 28-foot-high storm surge (8.5 metres) did not leave a single structure standing. There
was nothing for evacuees to return to. The destruction of housing and infrastructure in St. Bernard Parish, a low-lying 40-mile-long peninsula, rendered most of it uninhabitable.

The Katrina storm surge that raised the water level in Lake Pontchartrain so high that it breached the levees and flooded New Orleans left much of the city unfit to live in. Even today, a year later, large parts of the city are without basic infrastructure services such as water, power, sewage disposal, garbage collection, and telecommunications. Interestingly, the country to suffer the most damage from a hurricane is also primarily responsible for global warming.

Numbers halved

Many evacuees were able to return in a matter of days, but many more were not. New Orleans' population before Katrina struck was 463,000. Claritas, a private demographic data-gathering and analysis firm, reported that after the hurricane New Orleans' population shrank to 93,000. By January 2006, it had recovered to 174,000. By July 2006, the city still had only
214,000 residents, less than half of its pre-Katrina population.

Three Louisiana coastal parishes (counties) also registered substantial population declines as did Mississippi's three coastal counties. Together, the three parishes, and the three counties in Mississippi had lost a total of 375,000 residents because of destruction from Katrina.

Some evacuees are still returning, but the flow
has slowed to a near trickle. We estimate that at least 250,000 of them have established homes elsewhere and will not return. They no longer want to face the personal trauma and financial risks associated with rising seas and more destructive storms. These evacuees are now climate refugees.

While the July numbers tell us how many people have not returned home,they do not capture the personal trauma of exposure to a disaster that
claimed 1,300 lives or the sense of loss from being abruptly uprooted from home and community, and separated from schools, jobs, and friends.
Assessing Katrina's effects, the American Psychological Association notes that many of the storm's victims experience post-traumatic stress
disorder. This manifestation of extreme stress is similar to that of troops returning from Iraq.

nsurance problem

Hanging over the future of the hurricane-prone coastal regions of the US southeast is the difficulty in getting property insurance. In the wake of the last two hurricane seasons, including the 2004 season when four hurricanes crossed Florida, reconstruction is still ongoing, insurance costs are climbing, and private insurance companies are withdrawing from
high-risk coastal areas.

In response, governments in hurricane-prone states, including Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana, each created a state-supported insurance company for homeowners unable to get private insurance. Florida's state insurer, Citizens Property Insurance Corporation, ran a deficit of $516 million in 2004. An analysis of risks and costs in late 2005 showed that premiums charged to property owners must be raised 80 per cent to ensure Citizens' future viability.

These deficits were repeated in Louisiana and at the national level with the National Flood Insurance Program, which ran a $23 billion deficit in 2005. The bottom line is that rates must rise as the risk rises. This applies not only to property insurance, but also for firms seeking to insure against business interruption losses.

After a point as storm risks multiply and insurance rates rise, real estate prices start to decline. To cite an extreme example, how much is a building lot worth in St. Bernard Parish, now largely abandoned, or in the low-lying parts of New Orleans?

Millions threatened

Katrina took a heavy toll in the Louisiana and Mississippi coastal regions, but there are 35 million people living along the hurricane-prone
coast that stretches from North Carolina to Texas. Half of these live in Florida: 10 million on the Atlantic coast and 7 million on the Gulf coast.

As rising seas and more powerful hurricanes translate into higher insurance costs in these coastal communities, people are retreating
inland. And just as companies migrate to regions with lower wages, they also migrate to regions with lower insurance costs.

The experience with more destructive storms in recent years is only the beginning. Since 1970, the Earth's average temperature has risen by one
degree Fahrenheit, but by 2100 it could rise by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (6 degrees Celsius).

More destructive storms are an early manifestation of global warming. The longer term risk is that rising temperatures will melt glaciers and polar ice caps, raising sea level and displacing coastal residents worldwide.
The flow of climate refugees to date numbers in the thousands, but if we do not quickly reduce CO2 emissions, it could one day number in the
millions.

Source: Earth Policy Institute, Washington DC.

Lester Brown is President of the Institute and author of Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006).

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